Bonus: Cancer Paper Handout

 

This assignment is strictly optional. It is the only extra credit assignment available for the class. If you want to do the assignment these are the instructions you need to follow. This paper is due on Tuesday, July 15, 2008 at the beginning of class and it is worth 10 extra credit points.

 

Dr. Loree Gaines

Human Physiology

Summer 2008

 

You need to answer the following questions in your paper. The answers should flow like an essay. Do not put a question number by each of your answers. You need to show your work for any and all calculations. Calculations may be handwritten or typed. Calculations need to show each step and be in a logical order.

  1. Indicate which type of cancer (ademoma, carcinoma, fibroma, lymphoma, sarcoma, etc) you have been assigned and its primary location (body system.). Assume this is a primary cancer, and not a metastatic one.
  2. What are the symptoms of the cancer?
  3. How is this cancer diagnosed?
  4. What age group or groups are most often diagnosed with this cancer?
  5. What types of treatment are there for this cancer? If chemotherapy is used, pick one drug and calculate the drug dosage for a 160 pound adult (if the cancer is primarily diagnosed in adults), or a 110 pound teenager (if the cancer is primarily diagnosed in teenagers), or a 50 pound child (if the cancer is primarily diagnosed in children).
  6. What are the causes or risk factors for the cancer? If the causes or risk factors are not known, indicate that in your paper.
  7. What is the primary body system affected by the primary cancer? If it metastasizes, what are the main locates it metastasizes to and what are the effects on the(se) additional body system(s)?
  8. What is the cancer’s impact on each of the following body systems? Do not include the primary body system already discussed in question #7 above. At this point assume the cancer has not metastasized to secondary body systems. You need at least one, separate paragraph per body system to describe how the primary cancer directly or indirectly affects each system.
    1. Endocrine System
    2. Muscular System
    3. Circulatory System
    4. Respiratory System
    5. Renal System
    6. Digestive System
    7. Immune System
    8. Nervous System

 

This assignment is to be typed using Times New Roman font, 12 font size. The final report will be double spaced. It is to be in essay format. If references other than the text are used, they must be properly cited in the paper and a Bibliography included at the end of the paper. For instructions on how I want a Bibliography see the end of this handout. Do NOT turn in copies of any of the references you make.

 

A cover page is required. See below for instructions.

 

Your grade will be based on content, grammar, and the structure of the paper.

 

Content.

You need to answer all the questions above in essay format.

You need to cover the main topics covered in class over how the cancer affects each of the body systems, not just the primary body system that is affected.

 

Grammar.

I will grade grammar. Watch sentence structure, punctuation, quotations, spelling, clarity of ideas, etc. Remember essays will have more than 1 paragraph and the first line of each paragraph needs to be indented. Avoid unclear or confusing sentences. In instances where the cancer has no effect on a body system explain why it has no effect in this body system.

If you quote, either directly or indirectly, from one of your references, give proper credit to the original author.

 

Structure.

Your paper must include a title page. You will follow these guidelines for the paper:

- You are to use Times New Roman font

- Use 12 pitch font size

- Margins will be the standard 1-inch top and bottom, and 1.25 inches for the right and left margins.

- All work will be double-spaced.

- Papers will be printed only on one side of a piece of white paper.

 

See below for directions for the Title Page. Do not turn in copies of this handout or copies of any articles you use for this essay.

 

You need to properly cite your references (including your textbook) in your paper and include a Bibliography. See below for Directions for the Bibliography.

 

This is to be your original work.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The title of your paper will be centered 12 lines down from the top of the page. The title should be in 16-pitch font size, Times New Roman font. It may be more than 1 line long.

Below it put your name (12 pitch font size).

Followed by Cancer Paper (12 pitch font size).

Date the Assignment is Due (12 pitch font size).

Bibliography. (The word Bibliography must be in 16-pitch font size, Times New Roman font.) You must cite all references you use in the following format:

 

Books.

 

Book citations include author(s), title of chapter; “In:”, the editors of the text (followed by eds.), title of the book, the publisher of the book, the year book was published, and the page number(s) of the reference. The name of the text is written in italics.

For example:

Johnston DG, Pernet A, McCulloch A, et al. Some hormonal influences on glucose and ketone

     body metabolism in normal himan subjects. In: Metabolic acidosis. London: Pitman Books

     Ltd (CIBA Foundation Symposium 87), 1982;168-191.

 

Journal Articles:

 

Journal citations include author, title of article, (abbreviated) name of journal, year article was published in journal, volume of the journal the article appeared in, and the pages the reference was taken from. The name of the journal is written in italics.

For example:

Unger RH, Dobbs RE. Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion in the regulation of

     metabolism. Annu Rev Physiol 1978;40:307-343.

 

Web sites:

 

Web site citations include authors, date of material, title of article/page, organization, web site URL, and the date the information was retrieved (according to the handout you received from the librarians in our trip to the library during lab).

For example (also taken from the library handout):

Siegel, J. (1996, May 31). Aging into the 21st century. Administration on Aging:

     Statistical information on older persons. Retrieved April 10, 2003, from

     http://www.aoa.gov/aoa/stats/statpage.html

 

Don’t forget to indent the second, third, etc. line of the bibliography after the first line.

Number each entry in your bibliography. Do not separate the types of references (books, journal articles, web sites, etc). I’ll be able to tell one type of reference from another.

For this bibliography list your references in the order in which you use them in your paper.

Do not include references in your bibliography that you do not use in your essay.

Do not forget to properly annotate which reference or references you are citing as you use the reference(s). In scientific writing it is customary to only write the reference number in the body of the paper when you cite the reference. The first reference will be “1” and should be listed in the paper as (1) and be the first reference in your Bibliography.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Note how references are made in this scientific article. The sentence that ends at the top of column two, on page 1310, reads as follows:

“Ketoacidosis is proposed to result from a relative lack of insulin and an increase in counter-regulatory hormones, such as glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.1”

In this instance the “1” indicates that this is the first reference in the References, or Bibliography, section.

The sentence, in the paragraphs above, that reads:

“Nonesterified fatty acid is used for the production of ketones in the liver.2,9”

In this instance the “2,9” indicates the 2nd and 9th references were used for this quote.

 

The article I used for this example came from the following reference:

Durocher LL, Hinchcliff KW, DiBartola SP, Johnson SE. Acid-base and hormonal

     abnormalities in dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus. JAVMA 2008;232:1310-

     1320.